Abstract Introduction: Seat belt aorta is a rare but often severe complication arising from blunt trauma with compression of the abdominal aorta against vertebrae. Seat belt sign is often present as an ecchymosis across the abdomen. The association with abdominal wall disruption and hollow viscus injury has been named seat belt triad; the presence of Chance fracture is sometimes considered a fourth component. Methods: Using Pubmed and Embase databases we reviewed all articles regarding abdominal seat belt aortic injuries and analysed presentation at admission, concomitant lesions, including presence of seat belt triad, treatment and outcomes. Results: Fifty-two cases were reported, from 1968 to 2019. Twenty-nine males (56%), mean age 43 ± 19 years. Most patients were stable at admission, with 29 (55.8%) presenting acute abdomen, 26 (50%) limb ischemia, 9 (17.3%) hypovolemic shock and 2 (3.8%) late-onset claudication. Seat belt sign was identified in 40 patients (76.9%), seat belt triad in 38 (73.1%) and 22 (42.3%) had Chance fractures, of which only 2 were not associated with seat belt triad. Most patients presented with aortic dissection (90.4%), complicated with pseudoaneurysm (11.5%), contained rupture (7.7%) or uncontained rupture (3.8%); 2 patients presented isolated iliac thrombosis and 3 limb ischemia. All patients required immediate surgical intervention, of which 40 (76.9%) required urgent vascular surgery. Forty-eight patients (92.3%) underwent vascular surgery: 39 open revascularizations and 9 endovascular procedures; three were managed conservatively. Ten patients (19.2%) passed away or died, of which 7 had seat belt triad. No patients needed reinterventions for vascular lesions except one, yet 3 required limb amputation. Most patients with seat belt triad required further visceral and abdominal wall repair. Conclusions: Seat belt aorta and especially seat belt triad are severe complications associated with high morbimortality often requiring surgery and multiple interventions. As patients are usually conscious and stable upon admission, this condition should not be disregarded.

Resumen Antecedentes: Las poblaciones de Magnolia pugana están disminuyendo, asimismo la precipitación disminuirá 10 % y la temperatura aumentará (2-4 °C) en su área de distribución, de acuerdo al escenario de cambio climático más severo, lo que puede comprometer su germinación. Hipótesis: La interacción del aumento de temperatura y disminución del potencial hídrico reduce y retrasa la germinación de Magnolia pugana. Especie de estudio: Magnolia pugana, endémica del occidente de México, en peligro de extinción. Sitio y año de estudio: Sur de Zacatecas y centro de Jalisco, México. Abril, 2019. Materiales y métodos: Se evaluó la viabilidad de semillas con la prueba de tetrazolio. Se analizó el efecto de temperatura (24, 28 y 37 °C), potencial hídrico (con PEG 8000) (0, -0.3, -0.6, -0.9, -1.2 MPa) y su interacción sobre porcentaje y tiempo medio de germinación, con ANOVA factoriales. Resultados: La viabilidad fue 80 %. Las interacciones entre temperatura y potencial hídrico sobre porcentaje y tiempo medio de germinación fueron significativas. No hubo germinación a 37 °C. El porcentaje de germinación más alto (78 %) se produjo a 24 °C y -0.3 MPa, el menor (3 %) a 28 °C y -0.6 MPa. A 24 °C y 0 MPa germinaron en menor tiempo (23.9 ± 1.5 días), a 28 °C y -0.9 MPa se retrasó 1.5 veces. Conclusiones: La interacción entre bajo potencial hídrico y aumento de temperatura redujo la germinabilidad de Magnolia pugana, condiciones previstas por futuros escenarios de cambio climático, con esto su vulnerabilidad a la extinción podría aumentar.

Abstract Background: Magnolia pugana populations are declining, in addition, it is estimated that precipitation will decrease by up to 10 % and temperatures will increase (2-4 °C) under the most severe climate change scenario, which may affect germination. Hypotheses: The interaction of increased temperature and decreased water potential reduces and delays the germination of Magnolia pugana seeds. Studied species: Magnolia pugana, an endangered species endemic to western Mexico. Study site and dates: Southern Zacatecas and central Jalisco, Mexico. April 2019. Materials and methods: Seed viability was evaluated with tetrazolium test. In addition, the effects of temperature (24, 28, and 37 °C), water potential with PEG 8000 (0, -0.3, -0.6, -0.9, -1.2 MPa) and its interaction on the percentage and mean germination time were analyzed with factorial ANOVA tests. Results: Viability was 80 %. The interactions between temperature and water potential on germination percentage and mean germination time were significant. There was no germination at 37 °C. The highest germination (78 %) was at 24 °C and -0.3 MPa, while the lowest (3 %) was at 28 °C and -0.6 MPa. The control treatment (24 °C and 0 MPa) facilitated germination in a shorter time (23.9 ± 1.5 days). At 28 °C and -0.9 MPa, the mean germination time was slowed by 1.5 times. Conclusions: Magnolia pugana germinability was reduced by the interaction between low water potentials and increased temperature, conditions predicted by future climate change scenarios, therefore its vulnerability to extinction could increase.

ABSTRACT The purpose of the Contingency Plan is to continue with the operation of activities in a town in the presence of natural disasters such as floods caused by the El Niño phenomenon. The objective of the research is to prepare a proposal for a contingency plan for the phenomenon of "El Niño" in the city of Chone, for which the qualitative, descriptive and explanatory methodology was used, through techniques relevant information was collected for its subsequent analysis, such as temperature and precipitation, likewise, through scientific articles and web pages of reliable information, relevant data was obtained to study the study area that was located in the Chone river sub-basin at coordinates 1 4'15.04"S, 79 52'11.79''W.

RESUMEN El Plan de contingencia tiene como finalidad seguir con el funcionamiento de las actividades en una población ante la presencia de desastres naturales como las inundaciones provocadas por el fenómeno de El Niño. El objetivo de la investigación es elaborar una propuesta de Plan de contingencia ante el fenómeno de ´´El Niño´´ en la ciudad de Chone, para ello se utilizó la metodología cualitativa, descriptiva y explicativa, a través de técnicas se recopiló información relevante para su posterior análisis, como temperatura y precipitación, asimismo, mediante artículos científicos y páginas web de información confiable se obtuvieron datos relevantes para estudiar la zona de estudio que estuvo localizada en la subcuenca del río Chone en las coordenadas 1 4'15.04"S, 79 52'11.79''W.

ABSTRACT Introduction: We evaluated a set of factors associated with political orientation in Brazil considering the left, center, and right political spectrums, as well as a group of values based on Schwartz's Theory. This theory enables us to understand how personal values affect individual choices and behavior across different contexts, among which political orientation. Materials and method: Our source database was the sixth research wave of the World Values Survey, which included 1,146 respondents for Brazil in 2014. The confirmatory factor analysis allowed us to validate the Schwartz questionnaire and, subsequently, devise four indicators for the following values: conservation, openness to change, self-enhancement, and self-transcendence. In addition to these variables, we controlled the analysis of results using a multinomial model with a range of sociodemographic variables to assess the determinants of political self-positioning. Results: Conservation and openness to change were significant indicators to explain the difference between left and right. Self-transcendence, in turn, was a value more closely associated with citizens who identify as right-wing rather than center. Discussion: Political orientation in Brazil is heavily reliant on both values and group identities, i.e., sociodemographic characteristics. This is illustrated by the statistical significance of the following demographic variables: gender, age, perceived income level, and education level.

RESUMO Introdução: Avaliamos os fatores associados à orientação política no Brasil levando em consideração os espectros políticos de esquerda, centro e direita, bem como um conjunto de valores baseados na Teoria de Schwartz. Essa teoria permite entender como os valores pessoais afetam as escolhas e comportamentos dos indivíduos em diferentes contextos, inclusive em relação à orientação política. Materiais de métodos: Utilizamos a base de dados da sexta onda de pesquisa da World Value Survey, com 1.146 entrevistados para o Brasil no ano de 2014. A análise fatorial confirmatória permitiu validar o questionário de Schwartz e, com isso, elaborar quatro indicadores para os seguintes valores: conservadorismo, abertura à mudança, autopromoção e autotranscendência. Além dessas variáveis, controlamos a análise dos resultados através de um modelo multinomial por um conjunto de variáveis sociodemográficas para avaliar os determinantes do autoposicionamento político. Resultados: Os indicadores de conservadorismo e a abertura à mudança foram significativos para explicar a diferença entre esquerda e direita. A autotranscendência, por sua vez, é um valor que está associado mais aos cidadãos que se identificaram como de direita do que de centro. Discussão: Além da importância dos valores para explicar a orientação política no Brasil, as identidades de grupo, isto é, as características sociodemográficas, também são relevantes. Isto é ilustrado pela significância estatística dos parâmetros das seguintes variáveis demográficas: gênero, idade, percepção do nível de renda e nível de escolaridade.

Abstract Background: Individualized risk assessment using comorbidity adjustment is an important component in modern clinical practice and can be performed considering individual comorbidities or through the use of summary measures. The Charlson Comorbidity Index adjusted to age (CCIa) is the most widely validated and used comorbidity assessment tool. Studies have proved CCIa as a strong predictor of mortality for a variety of medical and surgical conditions; however, its utility in patients submitted to elective endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) has not been studied. Methods: Patients submitted to EVAR between January 1, 2017 and December 31, 2021 in our tertiary, academic Vascular Surgery Department were retrospectively evaluated and 123 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Patient characteristics and peri-operative variables were collected and CCIa was calculated. Surgical complications were classified according to Clavien-Dindo. The area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic curves was calculated to validate and determine the discriminating ability of CCIa in predicting complications and mortality and the Youden index used to determine the critical value. Results: Mean age was 73.49±7.95 years and mean follow-up was 30.55±16.49 months. 30-day complication rate was 16%, 30-day mortality 1.63% and overall mortality 16%. Patients with higher CCIa had higher overall mortality (p=.002) but CCIa had no impact on 30-day complication rate and on 30-day mortality. Logistic regression showed that even after adjusting for patient´s comorbidities individually, CCIa was the only independent mortality predictor (p=.003). The optimal cutoff associated with higher overall mortality was found to be ≥6. Conclusion: CCIa does not seem to predict complications and early mortality after EVAR but it seems to be a useful predictor of mid-term survival after EVAR. These results show the limited role of this score in predicting outcomes after surgery but may help identify a sub-population whose shorter life-expectancy should be considered towards the benefits of EVAR.

Abstract The peroneus brevis and peroneus longus tendons act as dynamic lateral ankle stabilizers. These tendons can present several variants that may predispose to tendon stress or be misdiagnosed as tendon tears. Moreover, the peroneal tendons can be affected by several conditions: some associated with the tendons themselves (tendinosis, tendons tears and intratendinous ganglion cysts) and others related to the tendon sheaths (such as tenosynovitis and pigmented villonodular synovitis). Lastly, other disorders are related to laxity or injury of the superior peroneal retinaculum (SPR), the most important structure concerning peroneal tendon stability. Some peroneal disorders are often clinically overlooked and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an essential tool in the assessment of patients with recurrent lateral ankle complaints. Our goal is to review and illustrate common and uncommon peroneal anatomical variants and disorders that can be found on MRI studies.

Resumo Os tendões peroneais curto e longo atuam como estabilizadores laterais dinâmicos do tornozelo. Estes tendões podem apresentar diversas variantes, sendo que algumas predispõem ao desgaste do tendão ou podem mimetizar roturas tendinosas. Além disso, os tendões peroneais podem ser afetados por diversas patologias: algumas associadas aos próprios tendões (tendinose, rotura dos tendões e quistos gangliónicos intratendinosos) e outras relacionadas com a bainha tendinosa (como tenossinovite e sinovite vilonodular pigmentada). Por fim, outras condições estão relacionados com a laxidão ou lesão do retináculo peroneal superior (RPS), a estrutura mais importante na estabilidade dos tendões peroneais. Algumas patologias dos tendões peroneais passam despercebidas clinicamente e a ressonância magnética (RM) é uma ferramenta essencial na avaliação dos doentes com queixas recorrentes do compartimento lateral do tornozelo. O nosso objetivo é rever e ilustrar variações anatómicas comuns e incomuns dos tendões peroneais, assim como diversas patologias que podem ser encontradas em estudos de ressonância magnética.

Abstract: This study presents a new methodology for assessing the structure of a ribbon agitator in a double-helix horizontal ribbon blender used for mixing granular jaggery. In this methodology, strain gauges measure local deformations in real time (while jaggery is processed) at different points of the ribbon agitator. Indirectly measuring the stresses on the ribbon agitator allows monitoring the structural condition. The results show that the agitator’s reinforcement reached the desired processing capacity of 3 t/h with a Von Mises equivalent stress of 57.13 MPa, which represents a safety factor of 3.76. It is concluded that the ribbon agitator’s structure is safe, without signs of permanent deformities or failures, ensuring a homogenized and continuous processing of granular jiggery at a rate of 3 t/h without unexpected stops in production.

Resumen: En este estudio se propone una metodología para evaluar estructuralmente el agitador de un homogeneizador horizontal de doble hélice utilizado para el mezclado de panela granulada. Se describe como mientras se procesa la panela, se puede medir y registrar las deformaciones puntuales en diferentes ubicaciones del agitador a través de un sistema en tiempo real y a través del uso de galgas extensiométricas. Se obtiene una medida indirecta del esfuerzo al que es sometido el agitador, caracterizando su estado estructural. Los resultados muestran que el refuerzo del agitador alcanza la capacidad de procesamiento deseada de 3 t/h con un esfuerzo equivalente Von Mises de 57.13 MPa, lo que representa un factor de seguridad de 3.76. Se concluye que la condición estructural del agitador es segura, sin presencia de deformaciones permanentes o algún indicador de falla, asegurando un procesamiento de homogeneizado de panela granulada a una tasa de 3 t/h en modo continuo y sin paradas inesperadas en la producción.

Abstract Background: Populus luziarum and P. primaveralepensis are endemic species of western Mexico; growing in riparian forests they are critically endangered. The best way to conserve their seeds is unknown, which could be limiting for their conservation. Hypothesis: The germinability of both subtropical species is like that of boreal and template Salicaceae species that disperse seeds in spring and early summer, as they germinate quickly with high percentages, and rapidly lose their viability when stored at ambient temperature. Studied species: Populus luziarum and P. primaveralepensis. Study site and dates: Western Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. Jalisco, Mexico. October 2019. Methods: The physical integrity of the seeds was assessed by X-ray imaging and compared with germinability. In addition, the effect of storage time (nine weeks) under two temperatures (4 and 21 °C) on the percentage and mean germination rate was evaluated. Results: No significant differences were found between physical integrity and germination in freshly collected seeds for both species. Germination in the first 24 hrs was 91 and 95 % for Populus luziarum and P. primaveralepensis, respectively (week 0). Germination percentages were lower when stored at 21 °C, but P. primaveralepensis was decreased more slowly. Conclusions: Seeds of subtropical Populus respond similarly to those of species from temperate and boreal climates with early seed dispersal, a crucial condition for establishing ex situ reforestation and conservation programs.

Resumen: Antecedentes: Populus luziarum y P. primaveralepensis son especies endémicas del occidente de México; crecen en bosques ribereños están en peligro crítico. Se desconoce la mejor manera para conservar sus semillas, lo que podría ser limitante para su conservación. Hipótesis: La germinabilidad de ambas especies subtropicales, es similar al de las especies de la familia Salicaceae boreales y templadas que dispersan semillas en primavera y principios de verano, ya que germinan rápido con altos porcentajes y pierden rápidamente su viabilidad cuando se almacenan a temperatura ambiente. Especies estudiadas: Populus luziarum y P. primaveralepensis. Sitio de estudio y fecha: Cinturón Volcánico Trans-Mexicano Occidental. Jalisco, México. Octubre 2019. Métodos: se evaluó la integridad física de las semillas mediante imágenes de rayos X y se comparó con germinabilidad. Además, se evaluó el efecto del tiempo de almacenamiento (nueve semanas) bajo dos temperaturas (4 y 21 °C) en el porcentaje y la tasa media de germinación. Resultados: No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre la integridad física y la germinación en semillas recién recolectadas, para ambas especies. La germinación en las primeras 24 horas fue 91 y 95 % para Populus luziarum y P. primaveralepensis respectivamente (semana 0). Los porcentajes de germinación fueron menores cuando se almacenaron a 21 °C. pero Populus primaveralepensis disminuyó más lentamente. Conclusiones: Las semillas de Populus subtropicales responden de forma similar a las de las especies de climas templados y boreales con una dispersión temprana de las semillas, una condición crucial para establecer programas de repoblación y conservación ex situ.

RESUMEN La incorporación de materiales nanoestructurados como la zeolita tipo LTA en las obleas de silicio, abre una puerta muy interesante para el uso de estos materiales dentro de las tecnologías de microfabricación basadas en silicio. En este trabajo, se estudió la deposición y el entrecruzamiento de la capa de zeolita tipo LTA libre de defectos en obleas de silicio de 3 pulgadas con una capa de SiO2 sometida a pretratamiento. La principal desventaja asociada con la síntesis de la capa de zeolita es la formación de grietas y la obtención de una capa uniforme. Al modificar los soportes con boehmita, se observó una mejora sustancial en términos de continuidad de capa y crecimiento de cristales en comparación con los recubrimientos preparados en polímero catiónico, poli (cloruro de dialildimetilamonio). Se sintetizó una capa de zeolita de tipo LTA entre un rango de 350 y 1300 nm mediante un método hidrotermal ex situ, a 363 K durante 12 h. Se usó hidróxido de tetrametilamonio (TMAOH) como molde y se usaron isopropóxido de aluminio y sílice coloidal como fuentes de Al y Si, respectivamente.

ABSTRACT The incorporation of nanostructured materials, such as LTA-type zeolite on the silicon wafers, opens a very interesting door to the use of these materials within silicon based microfabrication technologies. This work studies the deposition and intergrowth of defect-free LTA-type zeolite layer onto 3-inch Silicon wafers with a layer of SiO2 subjected to pretreatment. The main disadvantage associated with zeolite layer synthesis are crack the formation of cracks and difficulty of obtaining a uniform layer. By modifying the supports with boehmite, a substantial improvement was observed in terms of layer continuity and crystal intergrowth in comparrison to coatings prepared on cationic polymer, poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride). An LTA- type zeolite layer was synthesized in a range of 350 to 1300 nm via hydrothermal ex-situ method at 363 K for 12 h. Tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAOH) was used as a template, and aluminum isopropoxide and colloidal silica were used as Al and Si sources, respectively.

Abstract Since the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, the most affected population group has been that of older people living in long-term care facilities (LTCFs), which has accumulated between 30 and 60 % of total number of deaths in the world. In Mexico, outbreaks have been reported in LTCFs of at least eight states. Various factors make this population group and LTCFs susceptible to COVID-1 outbreaks, mainly due to coexistence in common spaces, shared bedrooms and permanent physical contact with the personnel who work there, coupled with a lack of protocols and standards of care of mandatory observance, as well as personnel training limitations. There is evidence of the need to formally develop a National Care System that provides support to those in need of care and their families, and that includes LTCFs. In view of the challenges due to the lack of information and competencies in infection prevention and control at LTCFs, a group of experts, in collaboration with different public institutions, joined efforts with the purpose to update the guidelines in order to allow LTCFs face the pandemic and to contribute to the generation of said National Care System.

Resumen Ante la pandemia de COVID-19, el grupo más afectado ha sido el de las personas mayores que viven en instituciones de cuidados a largo plazo (ICLP), el cual ha acumulado entre 30 y 60 % de los fallecimientos en el mundo. En México se han reportado brotes en residencias de por lo menos ocho entidades federativas. Diversos factores hacen susceptibles a este grupo y a las ICLP: la convivencia en lugares comunes, dormitorios compartidos y el contacto físico con el personal que ahí labora, aunados a la falta de protocolos y estándares de cuidados de observancia obligatoria, así como a la escasa capacitación del personal. Se evidencia la necesidad de desarrollar un Sistema Nacional de Cuidados que brinde apoyo a las personas con dependencia de cuidados y sus familias y que incluya a las ICLP. Derivado de los retos por la carencia de información y competencias en prevención y control de infecciones en las ICLP, un conjunto de expertos, en colaboración con instituciones públicas, integramos un grupo con el objetivo de actualizar las guías que permitan a las ICLP hacer frente a la pandemia y que contribuyan a la generación de ese Sistema Nacional de Cuidados.

Abstract Background and Aims: The study area of La Salada basin is situated in the southern-central area of Colima, characterized by tropical dry forest vegetation on gypseous (74.5%) and calcareous (25.5%) soils. This site was visited by the eminent botanist Rogers McVaugh and is represented in the Flora Novo-Galiciana. However, only a part of his collections has been available for consultation. The objective here is to document the diversity of vascular plants in this site providing evidence which sustains its biological relevance. Methods: Revisions of bibliography and material in the herbaria IBUG and MICH were made. Specimens from recent fieldwork were integrated into the list. Additionally, electronic databases (IBdata and GBIF) were reviewed to obtain records of collections in sites of Colima with ecological characteristics similar to the sampled area. The Index of Taxonomic Diversity (IDT) was calculated facilitating comparisons of values for other areas with tropical dry forests. Key results: A total of 408 taxa, 248 genera and 78 families of vascular plants of BTC in other gypseous-calcareous soils of Colima were registered. Two appendices are provided: the first with authors´ collections and those in bibliography; and the second with citations of species in other gypseous-calcareous soils in Colima from databases. In the first, 368 taxa (including 16 infraspecific taxa) in 233 genera and 75 families were recorded. The families Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Asteraceae, Malvaceae, Poaceae and Convolvulaceae total 48% of the reported flora. The genera with greatest diversity were Euphorbia (13), Bursera (eight), Ipomoea (seven) and Tillandsia (six). Of the species recorded 39% (144) are endemic to Mexico and this site is the type location for 23 species. The IDT calculated is 330.35 species/ln area. Conclusions: The high floristic diversity and endemism of the area with gypseous and calcareous soils, substantiate conservation of these ecosystems which are being impacted in Colima.

Resumen Antecedentes y Objetivos: La microcuenca La Salada, ubicada al centro-sur de Colima, cubierta por bosque tropical caducifolio (BTC) sobre sustratos yesosos (74.5%) y calcáreos (25.5%), fue explorada por el eminente botánico Rogers McVaugh para la Flora Novo-Galiciana. Sin embargo, solo parte del material colectado ha estado disponible. El objetivo del trabajo fue documentar la diversidad de plantas vasculares de la zona, para evidenciar su relevancia biológica. Métodos: Se realizaron una revisión bibliográfica y de material de herbario (IBUG y MICH) y colectas de campo para integrar la lista florística. Complementariamente se revisaron bases de datos electrónicas (IBdata y GBIF) para obtener registros de colectas en sitios de Colima con características ecológicas similares al área muestreada. Para comparar la diversidad del área con la de otros sitios con BTC se calculó el índice de diversidad taxonómica (IDT). Resultados clave: Se registraron 408 taxones, 248 géneros y 78 familias de la flora de BTC de sustratos yesoso-calcáreos de Colima. Se presentan dos apéndices, uno se basa en registros del área muestreada por los autores y otro en registros de otras áreas yesoso-calcáreas de Colima obtenidos de bases de datos. Del área muestreada se registraron 368 taxones (incluyendo 16 infraespecíficos) de 233 géneros y 75 familias. Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Asteraceae, Malvaceae, Poaceae y Convolvulaceae son las familias más representadas (48% de los taxones). Los géneros más diversos son Euphorbia (13), Bursera (ocho), Ipomoea (siete) y Tillandsia (seis). De las especies registradas 39% (144) son endémicas de México y el área constituye la localidad tipo de 23. Se anotan 11 taxones no registrados antes para el estado de Colima. El valor IDT fue de 330.35 especies/ln área. Conclusiones: La alta diversidad florística y endemismo de la zona, y la singularidad del sustrato yesoso, merecen la conservación de estos ecosistemas que están siendo impactados en Colima.

Abstract Background: In western Mexico, the Magnolia pacifica complex includes three morphologically defined, endemic, and endangered species, distributed along a 215 km continentality and moisture gradient: Magnolia pugana, M. pacifica s.s., and M. vallartensis. Hypothesis: Genetic evidence supports the taxonomical classification of the M. pacifica complex. Study site and dates: Western Mexico, samples were collected in 2012-2015. Methods: Six Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) primers amplified 76 clear and reproducible fragments in 278 individuals from 10 representative localities of the M. pacifica complex. ISSR dataset was analyzed using STRUCTURE 2.3.4, UPGMA clustering, Barrier 2.2, and AMOVA. Genetic diversity parameters were also estimated. Results: Genetic analyses revealed two main groups: M. pugana and M. pacifica s.s.-M. vallartensis. Two subpopulations within each group were evidenced, particularly M. pacifica s.s. was separated from M. vallartensis. Geographical barriers to gene flow were identified. AMOVA revealed a similar and significant proportion of variation between and within groups. M. pugana has lower genetic diversity and higher differentiation than the M. pacifica s.s-M. vallartensis group. Conclusions: Our results support the recognition of M. pugana as a genetically distinct lineage from M. pacifica s.s and M. vallartensis, but did not reveal a clear species boundary between the last two taxa. Geographical barriers and distance isolation might explain the genetic structure and differentiation pattern within the M. pacifica s.s. species complex. All main groups and subgroups defined in this study should be considered as separate conservation units, and concerted efforts are needed to protect them.

Resumen Antecedentes: En el occidente de México, el complejo Magnolia pacifica incluye tres especies definidas morfológicamente, endémicas y en peligro de extinción, distribuidas en un gradiente de continentalidad y humedad de 215 km: Magnolia pugana, M. pacifica s.s. y M. vallartensis. Hipótesis: La evidencia genética respalda la clasificación taxonómica del complejo M. pacifica. Área y años de estudio: Occidente, México, muestras colectadas en 2012-2015. Métodos: Seis iniciadores de Inter Secuencias Simples Repetidas (ISSR) amplificaron 76 fragmentos claros y reproducibles en 278 individuos de 10 localidades del complejo M. pacifica. Los datos se analizaron utilizando STRUCTURE 2.3.4, agrupamiento UPGMA, Barrier 2.2, y AMOVA. Además se evaluó la diversidad genética. Resultados: Los análisis revelaron dos grupos principales: M. pugana y M. pacifica s.s.-M. vallartensis. Dos subpoblaciones dentro de cada grupo fueron evidentes, particularmente M. pacifica s.s. y M. vallartensis fueron separadas. Se identificaron barreras geográficas al flujo genético. AMOVA reveló una proporción de variación similar y significativa entre y dentro de los grupos. M. pugana presenta menor diversidad genética y mayor diferenciación que M. pacifica s.s. y M. vallartensis. Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados apoyan el reconocimiento de M. pugana como una línea genéticamente distinta de M. pacifica s.s. y M. vallartensis, no revelaron una clara delimitación de especies entre estos dos últimos taxa. Barreras geográficas y aislamiento por distancia explicarían la estructura y el patrón de diferenciación del complejo M. pacifica. Los grupos principales y subgrupos definidos en este estudio deben considerarse unidades de conservación separadas, es necesario concertar esfuerzos para protegerlos.

Abstract The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a viral disease that decreases the reproductive performance in breeding sows and leads to economic losses to the swine industry. The objective of the present study was to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) associated to the number of live-born piglets in the first (LBP1) and second birth (LBP2) in breeding sows exposed to PRRS virus. The study included 100 pregnant females of the Landrace(–)/ Yorkshire(¼) line, 75 of which were infected with the PRRS virus and 25 were free of PRRS. Individual blood samples (6-8 drops) were obtained and spotted onto FTA cards and subsequently processed for DNA extraction, which was genotyped using a 10,000 SNP chip for genomic profile. Resulting genotypes were analyzed using a multi-locus mixed model that detected three SNP associated to LBP1 and five SNP associated to LBP2 (P<0.001). These eight SNP were validated using an associative mixed effects model which included the terms genotype and age of dam as fixed effects, and sire as random effect. Allele substitution effects were estimated using the same model including the term genotype as covariate. The SNP rs81276080, rs81334603 and rs80947173 were associated to LBP1 (P<0.001), whereas the SNP rs81364943, rs80859829, rs80895640, rs80893794 and rs81245908 were associated to LBP2 (P<0.001). Only two SNP were in functional chromosomal regions and the remainder SNP were within an intergenic position. In conclusion, these results suggest the existence of gene variants associated with the reproductive performance of sows infected with the PRRS virus.

Resumen: El síndrome reproductivo y respiratorio porcino (PRRS) es una enfermedad viral que afecta el comportamiento reproductivo de las cerdas generando severas pérdidas económicas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar polimorfismos de nucleótido simple (SNP) asociados al número de lechones nacidos vivos al primer (LNV1) y segundo parto (LNV2) en cerdas reproductoras expuestas al virus del PRRS. El estudio incluyó 100 cerdas gestantes de la línea Landrace(–)/Yorkshire(¼), de las cuales 75 fueron infectadas con el virus del PRRS y 25 permanecieron libres de PRRS. Muestras sanguíneas individuales (6 a 8 gotas) se depositaron en tarjetas FTA y posteriormente procesadas para la extracción de ADN, el cual fue genotipado usando un dispositivo para perfil genómico con 10,000 SNP. Los genotipos resultantes se analizaron usando un modelo mixto multi-locus, el cual detectó tres SNP asociados a LNV1 y cinco SNP asociados a LNV2 (P<0.001). Los ocho SNP fueron validados utilizando un modelo asociativo de efectos mixtos, que incluyó los términos genotipo y edad de la madre como efectos fijos, y el padre como efecto aleatorio. Los efectos de sustitución alélica se estimaron con el modelo anterior incluyendo el término genotipo como covariable. Los SNP rs81276080, rs81334603 y rs80947173 se asociaron a LNV1 (P<0.001), mientras que los SNP rs81364943, rs80859829, rs80895640, rs80893794 y rs81245908 se asociaron a LNV2 (P<0.001). Sólo dos SNP se ubican en regiones funcionales y el resto tiene posición intergénica. En conclusión, estos resultados sugieren la existencia de variantes génicas asociadas al desempeño reproductivo de cerdas infectadas por el virus del PRRS.